![]() Scope: Define the scope of your study, making sure that it is neither too broad nor too focused. The following table provides a summary of key points included in a strong introduction. You must write in proper sentence and paragraph style, with each paragraph transitioning logically to the next. Remember that the introduction forms the top of the hourglass – begin with the over-arching concepts and gradually narrow to your specific study. The introduction must therefore address the following essential questions: In the introduction, you will define the scope of your study, introduce key concepts and terms, present the current state of knowledge, identify gaps or inconsistencies that lead to your study, summarize what you did, and state your hypotheses and predictions. The introduction contextualizes the experiment. Use past tense to refer to specific studies (e.g., Smith (2013) found that) and to to refer to what you did (e.g., We hypothesized that). Verb Tense: Use present tense to indicate established knowledge (e.g., frogs are amphibians). The Methods section thoroughly and accurately addresses all expected components without including text better suited to the introduction or results & discussion sections.Scope: Broad to narrow: the top of the hourglass Writing and writing style requires a lot more development. ![]() The Introduction section is absent or addresses almost none of the expected components. Writing and writing style requires additional development. The Introduction section only slightly addresses the expected components. The Introduction section addresses a few of the expected components and some of the components are accurate. Writing and writing style may be good or may requires some improvement. The Introduction section addresses some of the expected components and most/some of the components are accurate. Writing style demonstrates quality and thoughtful development. The Introduction section addresses most of the expected components and most or all of the components are accurate. The Introduction section thoroughly and accurately addresses all expected components for the introduction. Images can be placed as separate figures, each with their own caption, or arranged together as a single figure with a single caption. These images will require captions to indicate what the image is. In the example text above, the description would be further supported with images of the initial Gram stain, the Gram stain of Unknown Bacteria A, and the Gram stain of Unknown Bacteria B. The purple-staining cocci are a Gram positive bacterial species and will hereafter be referred to as "Unknown Bacteria A." The pink-staining rods are a Gram negative bacterial species and designated as "Unknown Bacteria B" in the remainder of this report." This indicates that the two species that were examined in the initial Gram stain were successfully isolated and separated into their own cultures. There was no evidence of pink bacilli with the purple cocci or purple cocci with the pink rods. "After these bacteria were isolated using the quadrant streak-plate technique, the subsequent Gram stains showed one isolate appeared as purple cocci and the other isolate were pink bacilli. ![]() The Gram-negative bacterial species have cell walls with a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane. The bacteria staining Gram-positive have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls and lack an outer membrane. This indicates that Unknown Culture #4 contains Gram-positive cocci, likely Streptococci, and Gram-negative rods. "The initial Gram stain showed a mixture of purple-colored cocci arranged in chains and pink colored rods. \)Įxample of a Gram Stain subsection of the Results & Discussion:
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